飛機要執(zhí)行的任務(wù)不同，其飛機的形狀和尺寸不同。
The tasks that airplanes need to perform vary, and the shape and size of their aircraft vary.
渦輪動力客機是代表性飛機。按照更新適航標準，具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的干線民用飛機，是由商用飛機有限責任公司于2008年開始研制的C919。
Turbopowered aircraft are highly representative aircraft. The first mainline civilian aircraft with independent intellectual property rights in accordance with the latest international airworthiness standards in China, the C919, was developed by China Commercial Aircraft Co., Ltd. in 2008.
接下來，我們來了解一下客機的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。
Next, let's take a look at the basic structure of an airliner.
-飛機基本結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖-
-Schematic diagram of aircraft basic structure-
機身、駕駛艙
Fuselage, cockpit
飛機的機身將所有部件固定在一起。
The fuselage of an aircraft holds all its components together.
飛行員坐在機身前部的駕駛艙內(nèi)。乘客和貨物都裝在機身后部。
The pilot is sitting in the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Both passengers and cargo are loaded at the rear of the fuselage.
有些飛機在機身內(nèi)攜帶燃料，有些飛機可以在機翼內(nèi)攜帶燃料。
Some aircraft carry fuel inside the fuselage, while others can carry fuel inside the wings.
-機身-
-Fuselage-
機翼
wing
機翼產(chǎn)生大部分的升力讓飛機在空中飛行。空氣以空氣動力阻力的形式抵抗運動?，F(xiàn)代客機在機翼的使用小翼以減少阻力。
The wings generate most of the lift, allowing the aircraft to fly in the air. Air resists motion in the form of aerodynamic resistance. Modern airliners use small wings at the tip of their wings to reduce drag.
-機翼示意圖-
-Wing schematic diagram-
襟翼
flap
機翼附近有額外鉸接的后部，稱為襟翼。
There is an additional hinged rear near the wing, called a flap.
在起飛和著陸時向下展開襟翼以增加機翼產(chǎn)生的力的大小。下次你乘坐飛機時，你可以注意一下，在起飛和著陸過程中機翼形狀如何變化。
Expand the flaps downwards during takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force generated by the wings. Next time you take a plane, you can pay attention to how the wing shape changes during takeoff and landing.
副翼、擾流板
Ailerons, spoilers
機翼的外側(cè)鉸接部分稱為副翼，它用于飛機的橫滾，也就是可以使得飛機沿著飛行方向的軸線滾動。大多數(shù)客機也可以使用擾流板實現(xiàn)橫滾。擾流板是小板，用于破壞機翼上的氣體流動。擾流板的作用就是幫助飛機隨速度調(diào)整在不同速度下的氣動外形流場，進而獲得接近更理想的氣動操作效應(yīng)。
The outer hinged part of the wing is called the aileron, which is used for aircraft roll, which allows the aircraft to roll along the axis of the flight direction. Most passenger planes can also use spoilers to achieve roll. Spoilers are small plates used to disrupt the airflow on the wings. The function of the spoiler is to help the aircraft adjust its aerodynamic shape and flow field at different speeds, thereby achieving nearly ideal aerodynamic operation effects.
尾翼
Tail wing
為了控制和操縱飛機，較小的機翼位于飛機的尾部。尾部通常有一個固定的水平件，稱為水平安定面，和一個固定的垂直件，稱為垂直安定面。安定面的作用是為飛機提供穩(wěn)定性，使其保持直線飛行。在機翼和安定面的后部是小的活動部件，它們通過鉸鏈連接到安定面后部。鉸接于水平安定面的件為升降舵，鉸接在垂直安定面上的是方向舵，顧名思義，其分別用于控制飛機的升降和方向。
In order to control and manipulate the aircraft, the smaller wings are located at the rear of the aircraft. The tail usually has a fixed horizontal component called a horizontal stabilizer, and a fixed vertical component called a vertical stabilizer. The function of the stabilizer is to provide stability for the aircraft and keep it flying in a straight line. At the rear of the wing and stabilizer are small moving components that are connected to the rear of the stabilizer through hinges. The components hinged on the horizontal stabilizer are elevators, while those hinged on the vertical stabilizer are rudders. As the name suggests, they are used to control the lifting and direction of the aircraft, respectively.
渦輪發(fā)動機
turbogenerator
其位于機翼下方（也有的發(fā)動機位于靠近尾翼的位置，如我國的ARJ21支線客機），提供的推力來克服飛行時的阻力，并通過機翼產(chǎn)生的空氣動力托起飛機（也就是機翼的伯努利原理）。較小的低速飛機使用螺旋槳作為推進系統(tǒng)而不是渦輪發(fā)動機。
It is located below the wing (and some engines are located near the tail, such as the ARJ21 regional airliner in China), providing thrust to overcome flight resistance and supporting the aircraft through the aerodynamic force generated by the wing (i.e. the Bernoulli principle of the wing). Smaller low-speed aircraft use propellers as propulsion systems rather than turbo engines.
而戰(zhàn)斗機通常將噴氣發(fā)動機埋在機身內(nèi)，而不是懸掛在機翼下方的吊艙中，這樣以減輕空氣阻力，達到更佳的飛行性能。許多戰(zhàn)斗機還將水平穩(wěn)定器和升降機組合起來，形成V字形的尾翼。
Fighters typically embed jet engines inside the fuselage, rather than hanging them in pods below the wings, in order to reduce air resistance and achieve better flight performance. Many fighter jets also combine horizontal stabilizers and elevators to form V-shaped tail wings.
-渦扇發(fā)動機模型-
-Turbofan engine model-
起落架
Landing gear
起落架是飛機下部用于起飛降落或地面（水面）滑行時支撐飛機并用于地面（水面）移動的附件裝置，水上飛機通常設(shè)置成了浮筒，以滿足水面上的起降。
The landing gear is an attachment device used by the lower part of an aircraft to support the aircraft during takeoff and landing or ground (water) taxiing, and to move on the ground (water). A seaplane is usually set up as a buoy to meet takeoff and landing on the water surface.
起落架是一種支撐整架飛機的部件，因此它是飛機不可或缺的部份。沒有它，飛機便不能在地面移動。當飛機起飛后，可以收回起落架，以減輕飛行阻力。
The landing gear is the only component that supports the entire aircraft, therefore it is an indispensable part of the aircraft. Without it, airplanes cannot move on the ground. After takeoff, the landing gear can be retracted to reduce flight resistance.
上面簡單介紹的是客機的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，的波音和空客的客機構(gòu)造基本如此，但是未來的可以可能會有很大變化，如將機身去除，而將機翼結(jié)合成的飛翼飛機，其整個機翼就是機身。
The above is a brief introduction to the basic structure of passenger aircraft. The famous Boeing and Airbus aircraft have similar structures, but there may be significant changes in the future, such as removing the fuselage and combining the wings to form a flying wing aircraft, where the entire wing is the fuselage.
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